However, in the last decade, an increasing number of published articles have pointed out the rising importance of biodiversity in life cycle assessment. Surprisingly, our literature searches suggested that international journals contain few publications on the impact of most practices (except pesticide use) in orchards on biodiversity in general and beneficial organisms in particular. This expert system should be based on expert knowledge and scientific evidence. Thus, an expert system that evaluates and aggregates the impact of individual farming activities on a set of biodiversity indicators would be a valuable tool for developing new, less biodiversity-damaging scenarios.
Fruit production, especially in low-stem orchards, requires several interventions (plant protection, tillage, greenwork) throughout the year, each of them representing a disturbance. By reducing intensive pesticide use and enhancing orchard management, they aim to create habitats suitable for beneficial organisms. In this context, fruit producers have been looking for nature-friendly production methods. Biodiversity loss, partly due to intensification of agriculture, has become a global issue.
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